The design thinking for engaged learning (DTEL) model is used to structure collaborative project-based learning. It is related to human-centered design and ideation. The design thinking process has ten stages in 5 phases that first explore the problem at hand, then explore potential solution ideas through divergent and convergent thinking, iterate through a series of prototypes of increasing fidelity that are refined based on user feedback, and finally deploy the created solution.
Design thinking is grounded in the following learning theories: constructivism, constructionism, and designerly ways of knowing. These theories support the following design principles: learning by making and regular reflective activities. We conduct design-based research (iterative cycles of development, testing, and refinement of interventions in authentic contexts) over several iterations/semesters in several courses across multiple disciplines to refine the design thinking approach for supporting collaboration.